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Pancreatic surgery

2016/02/29,20:04

Pancreatic surgery

The pancreas is a gland that is located in the central part of the stomach. It comes in direct contact with the vast majority of abdominal organs. Its front side comes into contact with the back of the stomach. The head of the pancreas is lodged within the concavity of the duodenum, and with its tail the pancreas comes into contact with the spleen. On the back of the pancreas, in direct contact, there are large blood vessels of the region, and this is the beginning of the portal vein and placed a little deeper is the superior mesenteric artery, which forms the aorto-mesenteric clamp with the aorta through which the left renal vein passes.

Image result for pancreas and spleen anatomy posterior view

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In this photo can be seen the spleen, pancreas, duodenum and main blood vessels, as well as the common bile duct, seen from behind.

The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine gland. This means that it secretes its excreta directly into the bloodstream (endocrine), but also into the intestine (exocrine function). Pancreatic tissue consists of several cell types, namely: 1. The alpha cells, which secrete glucagon, a hormone that regulates the level of glucose in the blood in cases of low blood sugar (increases glucose in the blood), 2 Beta cells that secrete insulin, a hormone that also acts regulatory, lowering the level of glucose in the blood, 3. D cells which secrete somatostatin, a hormone which also regulates the secretion of insulin and glucagon and 4. PP cells, which also act self-regulatory on hormone secretion.

The pancreas is part of the human body without which a person can live.

Because of its location, but also its complicated anatomy and vascularization, surgery on the pancreas belong to the most difficult and biggest operations of abdominal surgery. The most common indications for surgical treatment of the pancreas are pancreatic tumors and cysts. Pancreatic tumors are usually malignant and localized on the head of the pancreas. The most common histological type is usually adenocarcinomas. This type of tumor is very insidious because when patients come to a doctor, usually because their skin becomes yellow and itchy, tumor has already grown quite big so that it causes obstruction on the major duodenal papilla level, which the pancreatic, but also the bile content flows into.

For patients who are diagnosed with this disease, at this stage, the only solution is surgery. This operation is called Duodenopancreatectomy. I deliberately separated these three words. We will start with the last one. Ectomy means elimination. The duodenum is the first portion of the small intestine, from the stomach to the jejunum, and the pancreas is a gland inside the body, near the stomach. So it means the removal of the pancreas and duodenum with the consequent creation of anastomoses, or connecting the stomach to the small intestine, bile duct to the small intestine and the remaining part of the pancreas to the small intestine.

The first act is to open the abdomen, which is usually according to Orr method, which means performing a transverse incision beneath both costal arches which meet in the midline. Some experienced surgeons, depending on the constitution of the patient, use a vertical (midline) incision.

After opening the abdomen and its exploration, the moving of the organs starts in order to come to the pancreas. Moving of the adjacent organs is a very mild term, since usually used instruments are scissors and an electrocautery knife. Just as a car mechanic has to remove a lot in order to get where he wants, surgeons also have a lot to "move". The gall bladder is removed from its lodge, cystic artery is ligated, and cystic duct restrained. Then it is starts with lowering the right colic flexure in order to reach the bottom of the duodenal knee. When the duodenum is reached, starts the mobilization of the duodenum by Kocher’s maneuver, where the inferior vena cava is reached by lifting. With the completion of mobilization of duodenum by Kocher’s maneuver, the front of the pancreas is approached, over the bursa omentalis and back side of the stomach. After that dissection of the hepatoduodenal ligament is performed, where all structures in it must be identified. At this point there are many modifications of the arterial tree, which is usually accompanied by biliary modifications. The ductus hapaticus communis is cut and this is actually where the treatment of a patient begins. Then the pancreas is approached from its underside, through the transverse mesocolon, where surgeons often ligate and cut the right colic artery. When conditions are met the pancreas is cut at body’s level, distal to processus uncinatus.

Then the stomach is also cut, if it is cut in the way to preserve the pylorus, then this operation is called PPD (pylorus preserving duodenopancreatectomy), and if not, then it is the Whipple procedure. Then the anastomoses are created between the remaining part of the pancreas and the jejunum, and then the anastomosis between the ductus hepacticus communis and the jejunum, and finally connection of the stomach with the jejunum. Upon completion of the creation of the anastomoses, drains are placed in the patient’s abdomen.

If all goes well after the surgery, patients are discharged from the hospital after 12-13 days.

Such surgeries are mutilating surgeries; they are long-lasting and uncertain until the very end. However, I attended a number of cases, where these procedures saved and significantly prolonged people’s lives.

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